Схематическое изображение местности. Карта.
Самарский областной центр технического творчества учащихся
Самарская городская общественная организация
«Детско-молодежный спортивно-технический клуб Контур»
Абрамов А.В.
Самара, 2000 г.
Спортивная радиопеленгация
1 часть
Пособие для учащихся учреждений дополнительного образования и для занятий спортивной радиопеленгацией в семье
1.2. Схематическое изображение местности. Карта.
Множество людей различных профессий не могут обойтись без карты: строители, лесничие, военные, историки, геологи, экономисты, работники сельского хозяйства и транспорта и многие другие.
Прежде чем карта приняла привычный для нас вид, она прошла долгий путь развития. Сначала объекты местности показывались на ней в виде картинок, затем карта стала напоминать вид местности сверху. Современная карта использует специальный набор условных знаков, легко читается и удобна в использовании.
Можно пофантазировать. Возьмем какой-нибудь участок местности и уменьшим его до таких размеров, чтобы он поместился на столе. Наверное, такая «карта» очень точно будет отображать соответствующую местность. Но пользоваться ею будет неудобно. Попробуем теперь сделать карту, которую будет удобно переносить, сохранив точность и содержательность.
Для этого нужно все предметы местности, имеющие высоту, изобразить на карте в виде плоских рисунков. Но и такие ориентиры как дороги, тоже хотелось бы изобразить более просто. То есть, нужны условные знаки. С условными знаками спортивных карт нам предстоит познакомиться в дальнейшем.
Е.И. Иванов – известный спортсмен-ориентировщик, судья и тренер, в своей книге «Начальная подготовка ориентировщика» пишет: «Читать карту – значит переводить знаки, изображенные на ней, в реальные предметы, имеющиеся на местности».
Зная условные знаки, обладая развитым воображением, человек может, глядя в карту, представлять конкретные ориентиры – дороги, поля, заросли, болота и т.п.
Кроме местных предметов на карту обязательно наносятся линии, показывающие направление юг-север. Северные линии на спортивных картах направлены на северный магнитный полюс, то есть так же, как магнитная стрелка компаса.
Все объекты местности, все расстояния уменьшены на карте в одинаковое количество раз. Например, если расстояние от остановки до Простоквашино – 3 километра, и наша карта уменьшена в 100 тысяч раз, то на карте расстояние от остановки до Простоквашино будет равно 3 сантиметрам. А если озеро рядом с Простоквашино 500 метров в диаметре, то на карте оно будет иметь диаметр 5 мм. Точно так же ровно в 100 тысяч раз будут уменьшены и все другие объекты местности.
Таким образом, можно сделать следующие выводы.
По условным знакам, изображенным на карте, можно представить реальные объекты местности.
Равным расстояниям на карте соответствуют равные расстояния на местности.
Любой угол, а значит и азимут, измеренный на местности, равен соответствующему углу, измеренному на карте.
Задания для самостоятельной работы.
- Найдите на карте города свой дом, свою школу, свой спортивный клуб и т. п. Нарисуйте свой путь из дома в школу, в секцию, к друзьям и т. п.
- Пусть кто-нибудь покажет вам на карте города объект, расположенный недалеко от вашего дома (магазин, переулок, детскую площадку). Пользуясь картой города, побывайте в этом месте.
- Погуляйте с другом или тренером по городу, отслеживая его путь по карте.
- Посоревнуйтесь с друзьями. Нужно придумать маршруты с контрольными пунктами на перекрестках по карте города. Пройдите по маршруту, запишите в карточке номера угловых домов. Бросьте в почтовый ящик конверт с правильным ответом в адрес друга или тренера.
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