Ориентирование карты
Самарский областной центр технического творчества учащихся
Самарская городская общественная организация
«Детско-молодежный спортивно-технический клуб Контур»
Абрамов А.В.
Самара, 2000 г.
Спортивная радиопеленгация
1 часть
Пособие для учащихся учреждений дополнительного образования и для занятий спортивной радиопеленгацией в семье
1.5. Ориентирование карты.
Посмотрите на рисунок. Как вы думаете, при каком расположении карты с ней удобнее работать? Наверное таком, что изображено на рисунке справа. В этом положении все направления на карте совпадают с соответствующими направлениями на местности.
Если все направления на карте параллельны соответствующим направлениям на местности, то такую карту будем называть сориентированной.
При работе с картой на местности необходимо следить, чтобы карта всегда была сориентирована. Это значит, если вы, двигаясь по дороге, повернули направо, то карту следует повернуть налево, точнее, карта должна остаться в прежнем, по отношению к местности, положении.
Какие же существуют способы ориентирования карты?
Наверное, самый простой из них – это использование компаса. Нужно положить компас на карту, и развернуть карту так, чтобы северная стрелка расположилась параллельно северным линиям карты. Обратите внимание на то, чтобы не перепутать север и юг.
А как же поступить, если компаса у вас нет? Существует еще один способ. Для его использования необходимо знать свою точку стояния на карте. Отыщите на местности какой-нибудь ориентир, найдите его и на карте. Затем поворачивайте карту до тех пор, пока воображаемые линии, проведенные из точки вашего стояния к этому ориентиру, не совпадут на карте и местности. Если же вы стоите на дороге, разверните карту так, чтобы эта дорога на карте стала параллельна этой же дороге на местности.
Умея ориентировать карту по местным предметам, можно определить направление на озеро (см. параграф 1.3.), без использования компаса. Сориентировав карту по расположению дороги и домика лесника, продолжим линию, соединяющую нашу точку стояния и озеро. Эта линия и будет искомым направлением. Теперь главное — не потерять этого направления при движении в густом бору.
Как, двигаясь без компаса по лесу, можно сохранить прямолинейность движения? В солнечный день можно запомнить угол между тенью и направлением движения. А как быть в пасмурный день?
Школьникам, изучающим геометрию, известна аксиома: «Через две точки можно провести прямую, причем только одну». Именно эта аксиома лежит в основе предлагаемого способа.
Посмотрев в направлении требуемого движения, заметим на некотором расстоянии какой-нибудь приметный ориентир – дерево, куст и т. п. Затем, смотря далее в этом же направлении, заметим еще один ориентир, лежащий на одной прямой с первым и с точкой нашего стояния. Будем двигаться вперед до первого ориентира. Дойдя до него, посмотрим через второй ориентир вперед и выберем следующий, третий ориентир. Затем дойдем до второго ориентира и так далее.
Выбор впереди себя объекта, к которому нужно двигаться – самый точный и надежный способ движения по азимуту.
Но, двигаясь по лесу, нам постоянно приходится обходить различные препятствия: деревья, муравейники, завалы. Чтобы не сойти с азимута, нужно обходить такие препятствия поочередно то слева, то справа, то есть «змейкой».
А чтобы не сбиться при обходе большого препятствия, например озера, нужно в направлении азимута засечь на противоположном берегу ориентир. Обойти озеро, дойти до этого ориентира и продолжить от него движение по азимуту.
Задания для самостоятельной работы.
- На поляне или во дворе расставлено 8-12 КП. На каждом КП лежит «карта» с расположением всех КП. Нужно сориентировать карту по окружающим КП.
- Двигаясь с одного КП на другой, нарисовать на листе бумаги расположение видимых КП относительно отрезка вашего движения.
- КП расставлены на открытой площадке. На каждом КП – карточка, на которой изображен перегон с этого КП на следующий и северные линии. Сориентировав карточку по компасу, определить, какой пункт брать следующим. Пройти весь маршрут.
- Аналогично предыдущему заданию. Но на карточках нет северных линий, зато указаны номера КП. Сориентировав карточку по КП, нанести на нее северные линии.
- Выполнить те же задания в парке (лесу) на реальной карте. По мере роста уверенности соседний КП можно ставить за пределами видимости.
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