Виды соревнований
А.Гречихин, В.Киргетов
С картой и компасом по радиоследу.
Виды соревнований.
Простейшими видами соревнований по РО, в которых на трассе расположены радиопункты одного типа, являются: радиомаркир, ориентирование по радиофонарям и радиобиатлон.
Радиомаркир. Это аналог маркированной трассы в ориентировании, только с «радиомаркировкой», которая позволяет проводить соревнования и зимой, и летом. На дистанции устанавливают несколько (от 2 до 10) радиобакенов. Спортсмены получают карту с обозначениями старта и финиша. Надо обнаружить все РБ в заданном порядке или по выбору в кратчайшее время и нанести место их расположения на карту (проколоть). Поиск РБ ведет радист, а привязку и местоопределение — ориентировщик. К времени, затраченному на прохождение дистанции, прибавляются штрафные минуты за ошибки в нанесении точек расположения РБ.
Внешне радиомаркир мало отличается от «охоты на лис», однако короткий цикл работы РБ, умеренная маскировка и необходимость привязки по карте значительно снижают возможности соперников успешно преследовать друг друга на дистанции.
Ориентирование по радиофонарям. Соревнования проводятся так же, как ориентирование в заданном направлении, только вместо визуальных призм («фонарей») на дистанции ставят от 3 до 10 радиофонарей. Участники срисовывают с контрольной карты расположение старта, финиша и зон слышимости РФ (последние обозначаются кружочками диаметром до 1 см). Нужно пройти по всем РФ в заданном порядке. Штурман выводит по карте в зону слышимости, а радист, услышав сигнал, завершает поиск вблизи. Результат определяется временем прохождения дистанции.
Маскировка РФ очень тщательная, поэтому желательно, чтобы спортсмены, обнаружившие РФ, могли незаметно и быстро отметиться.
Радиобиатлон. По аналогии с биатлоном, радиобиатлоном мы называем лыжные гонки с радиопеленгацией. Все спортсмены (старт раздельный) бегут по одной маркированной лыжне и проходят несколько пеленгационных пунктов (ПП). На ПП участник получает стандартный пеленгатор и должен в ограниченное время запеленговать 2—3 радиомаяка, расположенных на местности (на дистанции использовать пеленгаторы не разрешается). В чистом радиобиатлоне карта не обязательна. В зачет идут беговое время и точность пеленгования (штраф налагается за ошибки в пеленговании с каждого ПП на каждый РМ).
Радиобиатлон с ориентированием по карте (более сложный вид соревнования) можно проводить и зимой, и летом (конечно, летом лыжи не нужны). Зимой спортсмены, имея с собой карту, определяют расположение ПП (как в ориентировании на маркированной трассе) и с найденных точек чертят на карте установленные пеленги на РМ, получая таким образом на их пересечениях месторасположения маяков. За каждый миллиметр ошибки в нанесении на карту точки РМ дается штрафная минута.
Летом спортсмены выходят на ПП по карте, используя метод ориентирования в заданном направлении.
Преимущества радиобиатлона состоят в том, что его несложно организовать, так как участникам не нужны личные пеленгаторы, и в этом залог массовости.
Комбинированное (или комплексное) радиоориентирование. На местности устанавливают два типа (или больше) радиопунктов, что позволяет разнообразить варианты условий соревнований. Среди них можно выделить большую группу радионавигационных видов РО, в которых задача поиска и местоопределения решается методами радионавигации. Рассмотрим некоторые из таких видов.
Радиомаркир с навигационной привязкой. На трассе несколько РБ; старт и финиш значительно разнесены и оборудованы радиомаяками. Спортсмены получают «белые карты» — листы бумаги с точками РМ, переколотыми с контрольной карты. Нужно пройти все
РБ и нанести их на «белую карту», запеленговав маяки с мест расположения бакенов. Ошибки могут штрафоваться минутой за каждый миллиметр отклонения.
Навигационный поиск радиофонарей. Кроме радиофонарей, на местности устанавливают два-три РМ и составляют таблицу пеленгов с каждого РФ на каждый РМ, например:
Таблица составляется не по азимутам с карты, а на местности по показаниям пеленгатора начальника дистанций. В зону слышимости РФ спортсмены выходят по данным таблицы, которую списывают перед стартом. Например, чтобы услышать РФ2, надо выйти в точку, с которой пеленг на РМ1 будет 150°, а. пеленг на РМ2— 240°. Найдя РФ, надо нанести его на карту. Посещать маяки не нужно (но и не запрещается).
Вообще вместо поиска РФ можно проводить очень простой вид соревнований: навигационный поиск визуальных пунктов с нанесением их на карту, но при этом их видимость должна быть не менее радиуса слышимости РФ (50—100 м).
«Радиопаутинка» — один из наиболее сложных видов РО. Это комбинированный поиск, сочетающий радиомаркир и навигационный поиск радиофонарей на одной трассе, причем участникам может быть дана таблица пеленгов с РФ не на радиомаяк, а на радиобакен. Все радиопункты нужно нанести на карту.
В простейших соревнованиях старт, пункт выдачи карт (ПВК) и финиш можно делать совмещенными. При разнесении их рекомендуется оборудовать радиомаяками, точку финиша обозначать на карте, а ПВК и старт участники должны нанести сами, причем точность нанесения оценивается наравне с точностью нанесения других контрольных пунктов.
Возможны варианты РО с «белыми» каргами (в частности, радионавигационные виды) или совсем без карт. Например, если не требовать нанесения РФ при навигационном поиске, то карта не нужна (но отсутствие карты не означает, что не надо ориентироваться!). Значительно снижаются возможности сотрудничества, если участники, не имея на дистанции карты, наносят расположение КП на специальных пунктах или на финише по памяти, в присутствии судьи, в течение ограниченного времени. При этом местность и привязки не должны быть сложными.
В любых соревнованиях можно проводить поиск или в заданном порядке, или по выбору.
Очень интересны эстафетные соревнования. Для эстафеты можно использовать любые -виды РО. Целесообразно проведение трех этапов на дистанции комплексного РО, например с пятью РБ и пятью РФ. Длина дистанции 3—4 км. Старт первого этапа общий; надо обнаружить пять РБ и нанести местонахождение всех РБ и ПВК на карту. Второй этап идет по всем радиопунктам, спортсмены наносят на карту пять РБ и ПВК. На финише первого и второго этапов участники соревнований бегут оценочный круг. Здесь судьи определяют точность нанесения на карту мест расположения всех пяти РБ и РФ. Ошибка до 4 мм не штрафуется; за ошибку от 4 до 8 мм при определении месторасположения каждого радиопункта назначается один штрафной круг, например длиной 100 м; за ошибку более 8 мм — два круга. Общая длина максимальной суммы всех штрафных кругов должна быть не более длины всей дистанции соревнований РО. Третий этап — поиск пяти РФ.
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